Complete Evaluation of the Antigenic Influence of Human Papillomavirus Lineage Variation on Recognition by Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Raised Towards Lineage A Main Capsid Proteins of Vaccine-Associated Genotypes
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical and different epithelial cancers. Naturally occurring variants of HPV have been categorized into lineages and sublineages primarily based upon their complete genome sequence, however little is thought in regards to the affect of this variety on the construction and performance of viral gene merchandise. The HPV capsid is an icosahedral lattice comprising 72 pentamers of the most important capsid protein (L1) and the related minor capsid protein (L2).
We investigated the potential affect of this genome variation on the capsid antigenicity of lineage and sublineage variants of seven vaccine-relevant, oncogenic HPV genotypes through the use of a big panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised in opposition to the L1 proteins of lineage A antigens.
Every genotype had at the least one variant that displayed a ≥4-fold lowered neutralizing antibody sensitivity in opposition to at the least one MAb, demonstrating that naturally occurring variation can have an effect on a number of useful antigenic determinants on the HPV capsid. For HPV16, HPV18, HPV31 and HPV45, the general affect was of a low magnitude.
For HPV33 (sublineages A2 and A3 and lineages B and C), HPV52 (lineage D) and HPV58 (lineage C), nonetheless, variant residues within the indicated lineage and sublineages lowered their sensitivity to neutralization by all MAbs by as much as 1000-fold, suggesting the presence of key antigenic determinants on the floor of those capsids. These determinants have been resolved additional by site-directed mutagenesis. These information enhance our understanding of the affect of naturally occurring variation on the antigenicity of the HPV capsid of vaccine-relevant oncogenic HPV genotypes.
IMPORTANCEHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical and another epithelial cancers. HPV vaccines generate useful (neutralizing) antibodies that concentrate on the virus particles (or capsids) of the most typical HPV cancer-causing genotypes.
Every genotype includes variant types which have arisen over millennia and which embody modifications inside the capsid proteins. On this research, we explored the potential for these naturally occurring variant capsids to affect recognition by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.
All genotypes included at the least one variant kind that exhibited lowered recognition by at the least one antibody, with some genotypes affected greater than others. These information spotlight the affect of naturally occurring variation on the construction of the HPV capsid proteins of vaccine-relevant oncogenic HPV genotypes.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: This gene encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor family. These growth factors are mitogens for cells of mesenchymal origin. The identity of the growth factor bound to a receptor monomer determines whether the functional receptor is a homodimer or a heterodimer, composed of both platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta polypeptides. Studies suggest that this gene plays a role in organ development, wound healing, and tumor progression. Mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, somatic and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and a variety of other cancers.
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PDGFRB / PDGFR Beta (clone 42G12). The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 42G12. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human T. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 394CT14.1.4. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PHB. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1215CT487.109.106. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SP1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1326CT463.109.176. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IF, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human VCP. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1344CT150.163.114. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FYN. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1302CT390.118.237. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E
Monoclonal JUN antibody , Clone: 1306CT545.208.117
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human JUN . The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1306CT545.208.117. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ATG5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1358CT289.125.123. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1321CT281.130.129. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1321CT281.130.129. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FLNA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1273CT424.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human WNT4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1698CT540.169.185. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD74. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1267CT820.116.140.154. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human USP5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1340CT704.170.140. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAC1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1301CT276.121.104. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SRC. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1602CT774.225.92. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CD138. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 531CT15.4.1;531CT15.1.4. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CRYAB. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1329CT523.140.120. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human EPHA6. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1426CT591.205.91.119. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human YWHAZ. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1314CT423.108.153.173.140. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PPARA. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1331CT894.186.143. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IF, IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human APEX1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1518CT337.123.86.269.232. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human Stat3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1200CT146.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human STAT3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1200CT146.104.153. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CREB1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1335CT115.203.189. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human NFKB1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1298CT792.105.117.133. This antibody is applicable in WB, FC, IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human USP25. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1277CT376.106.171. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Monoclonal AURKA Antibody, Clone: 1364CT291.108.155
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AURKA . The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1364CT291.108.155. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AKT2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1623CT791.157.67.66. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1552CT262.105.8. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human GLS2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1758CT879.217.60. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1529CT850.162.73. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human VAV1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1582CT802.383.58. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MITF. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1607CT834.207.47. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SUFU. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1783CT536.263.29. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human Musk. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1429CT456.173.44. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Anti Beta-Estradiol Monoclonal Antibody (1977CT128.130.83)
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FZR. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1621CT637.76.67. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human P53. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1711CT184.18.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CBL. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1762CT401.80.60. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MYC. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1788CT320.61.28. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RYK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1671CT575.42.61. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human LCK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1526CT823.75.16. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human VCP. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1563CT163.48.77. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, IF, FC, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human HCK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1508CT602.13.1. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FER. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1457CT181.12.17. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DPYSL5. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1503CT789.209.250.52. This antibody is applicable in IF, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SQSTM1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1336CT763.152.125. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDKN1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1373CT407.103.103. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human MKRN2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1556CT631.230.55.49. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TIMP2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1554CT494.262.47. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RNF20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1594CT552.128.36. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RRAS2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1578CT130.349.47.14. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CADH1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1579CT577.150.80. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1694CT210.142.16. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB20. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1694CT210.218.54. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RAB18. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1573CT811.119.39. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human RPTOR. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1411CT316.2.151.34. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PPP2R1B. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1496CT356.164.25.226. This antibody is applicable in IF, IHC-P, FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AGXT. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1739CT804.82.83.1. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ATG3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1377CT239.6.1.12. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human SODM. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1559CT572.3.83. This antibody is applicable in FC, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human AATK. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1459CT852.80.10. This antibody is applicable in WB and IHC-P, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human DDR1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1464CT339.1.54. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK2. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1534CT665.36.16. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human IRF3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1522CT766.58.24. This antibody is applicable in IF, FC, IHC-P, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human YES1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1612CT505.7.50. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human ETS1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1601CT512.35.61. This antibody is applicable in FC, WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human CDK1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1644CT107.30.27. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FAT1. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1634CT464.1.9. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human FAT4. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1654CT645.1.70. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TPM3. The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 1649CT306.29.13. This antibody is applicable in WB, E
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Monoclonal antibody stability will be usefully monitored utilizing the excitation-energy-dependent fluorescence edge-shift
Among the many main challenges within the growth of biopharmaceuticals are structural heterogeneity and aggregation. The event of a profitable therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) requires each a extremely energetic and in addition steady molecule.
While a variety of experimental (biophysical) approaches exist to trace modifications in stability of proteins, routine prediction of stability stays difficult. The fluorescence pink edge excitation shift (REES) phenomenon is delicate to a variety of modifications in protein construction. Primarily based on latest work, we now have discovered that quantifying the REES impact is extraordinarily delicate to modifications in protein conformational state and dynamics.
Given the intense sensitivity, probably this device may present a ‘fingerprint’ of the construction and stability of a protein, which might have purposes within the discovery and growth of biopharamceuticals. As such we now have explored our speculation with a panel of therapeutic mAbs. We show that the quantified REES information present exceptional sensitivity, with the ability to discern between structurally similar antibodies and displaying sensitivity to unfolding and aggregation.
The method works throughout a broad focus vary (μg -mg/ml) and is very constant. We present that the method will be utilized alongside conventional characterisation testing inside the context of a compelled degradation research (FDS). We show the method is ready to predict the steadiness of mAbs each within the brief (hours), medium (days) and long-term (months). The method advantages from low technical complexity, is fast and makes use of instrumentation which exists in most biochemistry laboratories with out modification.
Description: This gene encodes fibronectin, a glycoprotein present in a soluble dimeric form in plasma, and in a dimeric or multimeric form at the cell surface and in extracellular matrix. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. Fibronectin is involved in cell adhesion and migration processes including embryogenesis, wound healing, blood coagulation, host defense, and metastasis. The gene has three regions subject to alternative splicing, with the potential to produce 20 different transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that undergoes proteolytic processing. The full-length nature of some variants has not been determined.
Description: This gene encodes fibronectin, a glycoprotein present in a soluble dimeric form in plasma, and in a dimeric or multimeric form at the cell surface and in extracellular matrix. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. Fibronectin is involved in cell adhesion and migration processes including embryogenesis, wound healing, blood coagulation, host defense, and metastasis. The gene has three regions subject to alternative splicing, with the potential to produce 20 different transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that undergoes proteolytic processing. The full-length nature of some variants has not been determined.
Description: This gene encodes fibronectin, a glycoprotein present in a soluble dimeric form in plasma, and in a dimeric or multimeric form at the cell surface and in extracellular matrix. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. Fibronectin is involved in cell adhesion and migration processes including embryogenesis, wound healing, blood coagulation, host defense, and metastasis. The gene has three regions subject to alternative splicing, with the potential to produce 20 different transcript variants, at least one of which encodes an isoform that undergoes proteolytic processing. The full-length nature of some variants has not been determined.
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TXN (monoclonal) (M04). The antibodies are raised in mouse and are from clone 6C10. This antibody is applicable in WB and IF, E
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human STAT6 (monoclonal) (M01). The antibodies are raised in mouse and are from clone 6C10. This antibody is applicable in WB, IHC and IF, E
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described.
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human TNF Alpha (clone 2C8). The antibodies are raised in Mouse and are from clone 2C8. This antibody is applicable in IHC-P
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: A monoclonal antibody for detection of TNF Alpha from Human, Mouse, Rat. This TNF Alpha antibody is for WB, IHC-P. It is affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in mouse by using as an immunogen synthetic peptide
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: TNF, as also known as TNF-alpha, or cachectin, is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is expressed as a 26 kDa membrane bound protein and is then cleaved by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) to release the soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by many other cell types such as CD4+ lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and neurons. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Description: This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
